The Fear Of Black Male Sexuality - 1537 Words

Marquise Akbar The Fear of Black Male Sexuality in Baldwin’s Going To See The Man Schulman, Gary I. Race, Sex, and Violence: A Laboratory Test of the Sexual Threat of the Black Male Hypothesis. American Journal of Sociology 79.5 (1974): 1260. Web. The potential for white men to violently express attitudes of racism is studied to determine if the white male finds the Black male sexually threatening and, if so, does this threat incite the proclivity for the white male to act violently. Shulman studied 84 white, male, freshman and sophomore students at UC Santa Barbara. According to the study, â€Å"The subjects are young, educated, white men from stable homes with no mental instability, whose values lean towards a liberal ideology. This experiment considers Koval’s psychoanalytic interpretation of white racism, based largely on the Oedipus complex and Skolnick’s belief that the conflict that fosters violent racism is a feeling of powerlessness and insecurity in whites. Schulman’s focus is to prove that a much larger population is inclined to violent expressions of racism, and that this inclination is partially based on the perceived sexual threat of the Black male. The experiment contrives a conflict re quiring the subjects to choose between cheating on a given task, which prevents the victims from being shocked, or not cheating, thus shocking the victim The victims in the test conditions are a white male, a white male known to be sexually involved with a Black female, aShow MoreRelatedGeek Masculinity And Its Effects On Society836 Words   |  4 PagesSubcultures are male-dominated, a space for working class boys to gain status by exalting their masculinity where they can have access to power, status, and prestige. As a result, subcultures glorify traits associated with males such as toughness, delinquency and bravery all the while demeaning traits associated with femininity. This phenomenon is known as the cult of masculinity, which puts females into a â€Å"structured secondariness†. There is a male privilege among subculturists because of this cultRead MoreMale Sexuality : Female Sexuality1024 Words   |  5 Pages Female Sexuality Female sexuality intertwines with Possessing the Secret of Joy by illustrating its power and those who fear it. History In the early nineteenth century, heightened female sexuality was considered a disorder (Studd, 2006). Doctors and psychiatrist sought ways to prevent â€Å"masturbation and decrease libido†. 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Jeffrey Jerome Cohen asserts in his â€Å"Seven Thesis of Monster Culture† that monsters† reevaluate our cultural assumptions about race, gender, and sexuality our p erception of difference, and our tolerance toward its expression.† (Cohen) Shori is a monster becauseRead MoreDeborah Whaley s Black Women1423 Words   |  6 Pages Historically, Black women are depicted as the big black smiling mammy; the over sexed deviant with distorted body parts; and the angry sapphire. Within the male dominated comic art world, Deborah Whaley’s Black Women in Sequence: Re-inking Comics, Graphics Novels, and Anime offers a countervision on the Black body. Women, especially Black women may welcome the book as a confirmation that their story is recognized and represented. 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Australian Government Policies, Initiatives And...

EDE 325 Assignment 1 Case study (30%). Due 20th June, 2016, 1500 words (10% leeway +/-) Includes intext references. Explore Australian government policies, initiatives and legislative requirements and analyse how these documents influence curriculum, promote quality care and support the achievement of high quality outcomes for young children in Early Learning contexts. Introduction 200 words l Overview of the situation and identification of key issues. In 2012, the National Quality Framework (NQF) was introduced by the Australian Government and subsequently applied to majority of children’s education and care services. The framework is used to ensure the wellbeing of children throughout their lives and to raise the productivity of the†¦show more content†¦This case study will analyse how these Australian Government policies, initiatives and legislative requirements influence curriculum, promote quality care and support the achievement of high quality outcomes for young children in Early Learning contexts. Main body Influence curriculum 300 words It is very important to meet the needs of 21st century learners in both academic settings and corporation learning centres. The main factor that influences the curriculum development is the Australian Government followed by factors including awareness of the diversity in terms of the target community socially, financially and psychologically. The National Quality Standard includes standard 1.1 states that ‘An approved framework informs the development of a curriculum that enhances each child’s learning and development’. This is where the Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF) is introduced. This framework is included in the National Quality Standard to help ensure the consistency in the delivery of learning programs within Australia. Within the EYLF is the Early Childhood curriculum framework which guides early childhood educators to develop quality early childhood education programs. This framework describes the principles, practice and learning outcomes which support and enhance young children’s learning from birth to five years old, and then their transition to school.

Lessons from Rs Mcnamara Free Essays

Walking Along a Familiar Path In Errol Morris’ documentary Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara, we follow the life and times of former United States Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara. The insightful piece follows his life from birth during World War I, his success at college, cunning business career at Ford Motor Company, to his involvement in World War II and his controversial political career during the Kennedy and Johnson presidential terms. We will write a custom essay sample on Lessons from Rs Mcnamara or any similar topic only for you Order Now Morris highlights the documentary around these eleven lessons that McNamara passes through during an interview for the film. In my opinion some of these ‘lessons’ are merely some opinions of McNamara and some seem to be spurred along by Morris, who is asking the questions in the background. I believe it is through some of these lessons that Morris uses McNamara’s success and failures to relate them to current issues such as the Iraq and Afghanistan wars; and how we seem to be treading down a familiar path. LESSON #5: PROPORTIONALITY SHOULD BE A GUIDELINE IN WAR? â€Å"In order to win a war should you kill 100,000 people in one night, by firebombing or any other way . . . Proportionality should be a guideline in war. Killing 50% to 90% of the people of 67 Japanese cities and then bombing them with two nuclear bombs is not proportional, in the minds of some people, to the objectives we were trying to achieve. † Robert McNamara This comment by McNamara resonated through out the film. I knew that there was some bombing in Japan but not to this extent. Morris puts forth one of the most powerful uses of imagery to captivate the audience and bring these death tolls to a whole other level. McNamara resentfully cites a series of Japanese cities that were partially or largely destroyed and matches them to American cities of comparable size, and asks us to imagine those U. S. communities similarly ravaged. It’s a strong point, graphically supported by Morris on screen by flashing names and statistics at accelerating speed. â€Å"In that single night, we burned to death 100,000 Japanese civilians in Tokyo: men, women, and children. McNamara. Through this outrages example, I believe Morris was alluding to the large deployment of troops launched to fight small forces in Afghanistan and Iraq. Having twenty-five thousand troops fighting insurgent forces made up of small groups of guerrilla factions can be scene in some eyes as excessive and ill proportioned. LESSON #6: GET THE DATA and LESSON #7: BELIEF AND SEEING ARE BOTH OFTEN WRONG. â€Å"At one point, the commander of the ship said, ‘We’re not certain of the attack. At another point they said, ‘Yes, we’re absolutely positive. ‘ And then finally late in the day, Admiral Sharp said, ‘Yes, we’re certain it happened. ‘ So I reported this to Johnson, and as a result there were bombing attacks on targets in North Vietnam. † McNamara The important fact from McNamara is that the escalation of the Vietnam War started based on a misinformed from a single crew thinking they had been torpedoed. This seemed to be a decent excuse to start bombing runs, mobilize troops and deploy them in to South East Asia. The parallels between these chain of events leading to the Vietnam War and the actions taken by the US government in launching campaigns against Afghanistan and Iraq are very similar. While the terrorist attacks on 9/11 were a violent catalyst to the conflict in Afghanistan, it was an isolated attack by a handful of terrorist. The US turned 9/11 into a raid on Afghanistan harboring factions of these terrorists, eventually overturning the government in power. Another similar lesson in which McNamara states we should â€Å"Get the data,† can be strongly related to the US government’s poor excuse to invade Iraq. The speculation that Iraq was in the process of making or in possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) was largely fabricated ordeal backed by speculation and no quantifiable evidence. Since 2003, the US has still not found WMDs and have quickly skirted this issue under the rug while they change their war song as an action of freedom against tyrannical Iraqi government. LESSON #8: BE PREPARED TO REEXAMINE YOUR REASONING. ?†Were those who issued the approval to use Agent Orange: criminals? Were they committing a crime against humanity? Let’s look at the law. Now what kind of law do we have that says these chemicals are acceptable for use in war and these chemicals are not. We don’t have clear definitions of that kind. I never in the world would have authorized an illegal action. I’m not really sure I authorized Agent Orange. I don’t remember it but it certainly occurred, the use of it occurred while I was Secretary. † Another one of McNamara’s strong comments that relate to that there is a consequence to every action we take and that we must live with that consequence. His job was tough, and he had to make some critical decisions for the ware fare of millions in which he, â€Å"Never had hindsight in making decisions at the time. † This, I believe, was Morris’ big punch in the mouth to the powers of the George W. Bush administration and their actions surrounding the invasion of Iraq. Now, at the time of release of this documentary the Iraq war was still in the infant stages of development- Morris had no clue how the war would turn out but left us with a strong statement that someone would have to be accountable for starting an unjust war. I was once told in a high school history class that, â€Å"History is written by the victors. † McNamara sums this quote up with a brilliant look back into some of his actions during World War II â€Å"[General Curtis] LeMay said if we had lost the war, we would have been prosecuted as war criminals. And I think he’s right . . .. What makes it immoral if you lose and not immoral if you win? † Morris alludes through this lesson that someone will have to answer to these actions and wash the blood off their hands. Can we learn from history? Are we fated to repeat the mistakes that we’ve made in the past, again and again? Or can we learn from history and from the past? These are some serious questions I believe Morris forces us to ask ourselves. I believe that Morris was trying to bring up similarities of the past rather than actually relating the Vietnam War specifically to the Iraqi War, showing us that we are still treading upon our past mistakes. If we don’t learn from history and the events that pass we will be doomed to repeat history, over and over again. â€Å"Don’t make the same mistake twice†¦one mistake can destroy a nation. † Robert Strange McNamara How to cite Lessons from Rs Mcnamara, Papers

Audit Assurance and Compliance Clark and Johnson

Question: Discuss about the Audit Assurance and Compliancefor Clark and Johnson. Answer: The study is focuses on determining the independence of auditor, which is considered as the most important aspects of auditor at the time of executing duty. The audit manager of Clark and Johnson (CJI) is under obligation to check the professional aspects of audit concerning the audit engagement of Luxury Travel Holidays. Based on the conversation from the case study it is evident that the audit manager is necessarily required to take into the considerations the professional code of conduct in order to maintain the integrity and audit independence for preserving the quality of audit (Abbott et al. 2016). In accordance with the conceptual framework 21 threats to auditor, independence refers to pressure or any other factors, which impairs the auditor from their objectives. With reference to, the case study below stated are the threat to audit independence that are as follows; Threat of self-interest: This threat may arise if the auditors Annette and Michael act in their own interest. Self-interest comprises of auditors emotional, financial or other personal interest. Auditors might favour consciously or subconsciously, those kinds of self-interest over their interest at the time of executing auditing work (Ojo 2013). For instance, auditors association with auditees establishes financial self-interest since the auditees pay the auditor fees. Threats of self-review: Threats might originates from auditors Annette and Michael is reviewing the work done by or the work, which is performed by others. As evident Annette was earlier associated with, the company in computation of tax and Michael is the son of financial controller of LTH (Dogui, Boiral and Heras 2014). Threat may arise in evaluating the work without bias ones own work or the work of someone else. Therefore, the threat of self-review may arise at the time when the auditors review their judgements and decisions, which they or others in LTH have made. Threat of advocacy: Another threat that might arise from the auditors or from others in their firm is promoting or advocating for or against an auditee along with their opinion instead of serving in the form of unbiased attestors of auditees monetary information. Threat may arise if the auditors and others in the auditing firm serves in the form of promoters for LTH securities (Iwasaki 2013). Threat of familiarity: This threat might arise from the auditors Annette and Michael for being influenced by a close relationship with an auditee. These kinds of threats arises when the auditors may not be appropriately sceptical from the assertion of an auditee. Furthermore, the auditee might readily accept the viewpoint of an auditee in LTH due to their familiarity with or trust with the auditee (Zadek, Evans and Pruzan 2013). For instance, a familiarity threat might arise for her familiarity with tax and accounting entries with the auditor since she has the professional relationship with the auditee. The above stated criterion denotes the significance of threat that is dependent upon several factors along with the nature of activity or relationship creating that threat for Michael and Annette. The conceptual framework also lays down the techniques of categorizing and safeguarding in relation to the threats identified above for Michael and Annette. The conceptual framework clearly identifies the four level of responses that is available to safeguard the auditors and helps in setting the standard as well (Geisler and Wickramasinghe 2015). Absolute prohibition: Barring the auditors from establishing any kind of direct financial investment in any auditees. Restricting the activity or relationship: The auditors should be provided with necessary permission of performing the activity but a restriction should be imposed to certain extent or form. For instance, a restriction can be imposed on Micheal and Annette by barring them from having any material indirect financial interest in auditees. Establishing policies and procedures: Permitting any kind of activity or relationship requires policies and relationship that will help in eliminating or mitigating any kind of existence threat. For instance, an obligatory replacement of engagement with partner after the audit partner has spent certain amount of time on performing specific audit engagement in order to mitigate the threat of familiarity (Beach 2014). Mandatory disclosure of information: The auditors Micheal and Annette may be permitted to certain activity or relationship but they should be required to disclose all the audit engagement information to the management of the audited client, audit committee or board of LTH (Krishnan and Wang 2014). For instance, disclosure must include the nature of service provided by the auditor to the auditee along with the fees received for such kind of services. Under the current scenario as the senior auditor of Crampton and Hasaad the company is involved in the business of selling equipment and spare parts by importing it from different nations. The equipment and spare parts imported by the company is largely customized according to the demands of the consumers. The company also provides its users with warranty for each of the spare parts and equipment sold to its customers and charges in accordance with the contract quality when the period of warranty is outdated (Vinnari and Skrbk 2014). The questions requires identifying two-business risk that forms the part of the equipment purchasing method that is set by the organisation. Being engaged in the import of equipment and spare parts the company is exposed several kinds of business risk. One such risk that is identified for the company is the risk of currency exchange. Due to the growth in competition business firms are exposed to bunch of risk recognised by the international exchange rate. Business genrally overlooks this kinds of exchange risk however, they forms the essential part in the business functions. Obtaining an administration expert holds the obligations concerning the supply chains from which merchandise, management and works reaches into their association or precisely to the customers (Gould et al. 2014). Better practice of acquiring and supplying helps in incorporating the administration by creating an understanding for the providers in the areas of operations. Hence, an organisation at the time of importing goods from other nations results in making the purchase systems very complex and also requires due compliance with several business rules and regulations. Therefore, the administration procedures in the business system should be sufficiently design ed in order to avoid the business risk. Another risk possessed by the business is the risk of fraud and error that may arise during the business administration process while making or receiving payment. The purchasing system might not be effective and economical to provide information on the sufficient level of stock so that they could meet the ongoing demand from the present set of customers along with the potential customers (Colquhoun et al. 2014). The account balance of the customers must be thoroughly verified during the audit procedure so that it can provide true and fair view of the financial statements of the company. It is recommended that the auditing functions of the companies must be reviewed in detail concerning the purchase of equipment and spare parts from several different nations. MSL necessarily requires frameworks and techniques, which may appropriately bolster the conferred consumptions along with the presentation of probable irreconcilable situations with controls being established to protect misrepresentation of database. For the above stated business, risk below stated are the auditing risk that required appropriate evaluation; In the first business risk identified, the system of purchase might run into several financial risk. The company faces the risk of internal control since the system of purchase management might not be regarded as sufficient. This might create an impact on the accounts payable oabsolf the business because the auditor is required to keep a check on the bank account balance along with the vendor account balance in order to determine that the vendor appropriately receives whether the payments made (Byrnes et al. 2015). This is regarded as the manual or mechanised systems, which regularly works in the business procedure level and is applicable in handling the exchanges through an individual application. Application of control procedure helps in protecting the business since they are guaranteed to provide trustworthiness of the secretarial record keeping. Another audit risk, which the business could face, is the efficiency and effectiveness of the purchase systems of MSL. At a certain point when the purchasers raises the request to purchase the company must implement the practice of specific spending code as this could empower the holder in adjusting the remaining balance. The auditor is under the obligation to verify and determine the effectiveness of the economic system. This will help in identifying the true and fair view of the statements and opinion stated on the financial statement is whether justifiable or authentically verified (Beach 2014). The organisation is bound to provide assurance by stating that it is working under the prescribed set of rules that legally binds on the limit and well within the prerequisites forced by the controller. This can be achieved by utilising the information, which is accessible in the record payable capacity. Hence, prior to arriving at any kind of decision in audit procedure it is recommended that auditor must verify in detail the system of purchase. Reference List: Abbott, L.J., Daugherty, B., Parker, S. and Peters, G.F., 2016. Internal audit quality and financial reporting quality: The joint importance of independence and competence.Journal of Accounting Research,54(1), pp.3-40. Beach, L.R., 2014.Decision making in the workplace: A unified perspective. Psychology Press. Byrnes, P.E., Al-Awadhi, C.A., Gullvist, B., Brown-Liburd, H., Teeter, C.R., Warren Jr, J.D. and Vasarhelyi, M., 2015. Evolution of Auditing: From the Traditional Approach to the Future Audit.Audit Analytics, p.71. Colquhoun, H.L., Brehaut, J.C., Sales, A., Ivers, N., Grimshaw, J., Michie, S., Carroll, K., Chalifoux, M. and Eva, K.W., 2013. A systematic review of the use of theory in randomized controlled trials of audit and feedback.Implementation Science,8(1), p.66. Dogui, K., Boiral, O. and Heras?Saizarbitoria, I., 2014. Audit fees and auditor independence: The case of ISO 14001 certification.International Journal of Auditing,18(1), pp.14-26. Geisler, E. and Wickramasinghe, N., 2015.Principles of knowledge management: Theory, practice, and cases. Routledge. Gould, N.J., Lorencatto, F., Stanworth, S.J., Michie, S., Prior, M.E., Glidewell, L., Grimshaw, J.M. and Francis, J.J., 2014. Application of theory to enhance audit and feedback interventions to increase the uptake of evidence-based transfusion practice: an intervention development protocol.Implementation Science,9(1), p.92. Iwasaki, I., 2013. What determines audit independence and expertise in Russia? firm-level evidence. Krishnan, G.V. and Wang, C., 2014. The relation between managerial ability and audit fees and going concern opinions.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(3), pp.139-160. Ojo, M., 2013. Audits, audit quality and signalling mechanisms: concentrated ownership structures. Vinnari, E. and Skrbk, P., 2014. The uncertainties of risk management: A field study on risk management internal audit practices in a Finnish municipality.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(3), pp.489-526. Zadek, S., Evans, R. and Pruzan, P., 2013.Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing. Routledge.