Role Of Environment In Language Development Essay Example for Free

Role Of Environment In Language Development Essay Language development refers to the process of acquiring a language during a person’s early stages of development. The process involves language acquisition through learning or by mimicry. As a child continues to develop, the language development in turn moves from simple to complex (Barrett, p 13). For instance, infants do not use a language to communicate after they are born. However, by four months of age, babies are able to use speech sounds and can read lips. This language is referred to as â€Å"gibberish†. As the child continues to develop, he or she learns language by recalling simple words which is then followed by the acquiring of words together with their meaning. Much later a child can be able to join words to form sentences that form a logical meaning. As the child continues to grow older, new associations and meanings are created and language acquisition is characterized by more vocabularies. The environment that surrounds a child during development affects his or her language learning process. The environment may impact negatively or positively on a child’s language development. In both children and adults, an individual’s environmental experiences therefore play a very important role in language skills acquisition (Polinsky, p 15). In this paper, the role of environment on language development in children will be discussed. The paper will focus on the different environments an individual interacts with and how they influence language development. The different environments that will be looked at include; home environment, social, school environment, and child care environment. Discussion Research findings indicate that an individual’s environmental experiences have a great impact on language development. Researchers in the field of language acquisition argue that language learning results from the interactions that the learners have with their surrounding communities. In addition, the cognitive abilities of an individual is important in language learning (Berk, p 24). This hypothesis has been supported by researchers such as Michael Tomasello, Catherine Snow, Elizabeth Bates, and Brian MacWhinney. One of the most important environments in language development is the home environment. Within the family unit, every child interacts with the parents and the other family members. An individual during the early stages of development is able to interact with his or her members of the family at home. According to the Nativist theories, a child is born with an innate propensity for language acquisition. This ability plays a very important role in language acquisition because it makes the task of first language learning in a child to be much easier. Because language is a fundamental part of a human being, then language acquisition becomes a natural part of maturation. The environment that a child experiences at home aims at ensuring that a child through language acquisition reaches maturity (Brian, p 18). Infants begin learning language at home. In addition, adults also continue to learn a language within the family environment. Infants communicate their dispositions, wants, and needs by using their vocal cries, bodies, and preverbal vocalizations. Children learn their first language from the caretakers and the parents they interact with at home. This means that parents, caretakers and other family members through interaction can assist a child to acquire a language. A comfortable and safe environment becomes very important for proper language development. When there are caring and warm relationships at home, then a healthy environment for a child to acquire language is present because a good home environment provides a child with proper environment for learning. On the other hand, a family that experiences conflicts and disagreements deny a child a good learning environment and this undermines the process of language development in the child. For example, the phonological and semantic developmental stages during a child’s language development relies on the environment at home (Ingram, p 75). A healthy home environment ensures that a child’s phonological and semantic developmental periods of language acquisition are not hindered. During the phonological development, a child is able to make speech sounds which are characterized by cooing, babbling, and repetitive constant-vowel combinations. A child depends on a good home environment to make the speech words and to get response from the family members. As the child develops, he or she can pronounce words and can master syllable stress patterns. The semantic development in language acquisition also requires a good home environment. For example, this stage makes a child listen to the mother’s voice, recognize familiar words, and show the use of preverbal gestures. Learning of vocabulary follows and by the time a child reaches between 6 to 10 years of age, they can use words precisely. A good home environment promotes adequate parent participation in language development. Language learning apart from the phonological and semantic stages also includes the grammatical and pragmatics development. In order for a child to undergo these developmental periods appropriately, parents or guardians and other family members should ensure that they provide a good learning environment for the child and to assist a child in language development. Providing support and engaging a child in activities that enhance language acquisition becomes possible in a good home environment. Children who lack a good home environment may experience poor language learning because the home environment affects the normal patterns of language acquisition. Furthermore, a child who fails to receive support from his or her family members may take longer to learn a language. Parent’s responsibility in child language development is well practiced in a good home environment, whereby the baby talk or â€Å"motherese† as a tool of early communication in children is strengthened in a healthy home environment (Pinker, p 52). Apart from the home environment, the school environment influences language development in an individual. A child spends most of his or her time in school when parents or caretakers are engaged in other activities. This makes it very important for the school environment to be favorable for a child during language development. Much of a child’s language development and learning occurs at school. When the school environment is favorable for learning in a child, then it impacts positively to language development. To begin with, a good school environment ensures that a child gets a good learning environment. At school, a child interacts with both the teacher and other classmates and just like parents, teachers are very important in language development. For example, research findings indicate that when parents and teachers speak to children using complex sentences, the children’s ability to comprehend complex sentences increases. Apart from comprehending complexity of language, individuals are able to learn language comprehension. A good school environment encourages a child to learn more about a language and apply the acquired knowledge to communicate. The phonological, semantic, grammatical and pragmatics developmental periods in language learning are influenced by the school environment. All these stages are witnessed in children between 6 and 10 years of age, and this makes it necessary for schools to assist the children to undergo the language learning process successfully. When the school environment is good for language learning, language development in a child becomes possible. Poor learning environment at school on the other hand impacts negatively on . language acquisition. For adults, learning institutions such as universities and colleges allows one to acquire more knowledge and skills in about a certain language. A positive language learning environment at school or other education institutions is due to a teacher’s great experience and knowledge. When the school environment cannot provide children or the learners with the necessary skills in language use, then language learning becomes poor in a child. In this case, interactions that enable children to acquire a language are not provided. At school, interactions and communication between children or students promotes language acquisition since it enables them to apply what they learn in class. Teachers offer assistance to the children as they learn how to pronounce and use words in a given language, and they are able to identify difficult areas in language acquisition. The teachers can then concentrate on teaching in these areas. An unfavorable learning environment at school may result from poor interactions, poor communication and lack of assistance from teachers or tutors. These impacts negatively on the process of language acquisition in individuals (Santrock, p 37). The social environment refers to the environment in the society in which an individual lives in. A social environment can either promote language development or impact negatively on the language acquisition process. A society allows a person to interact with other people whom they share with similar values and culture. Due to the common beliefs, values and traditions that the members of a society may share, interacting with each other promotes socialization which is a very important process in development. Language is used in this process. The social environment affects the cognitive ability of a child as well as the language learning process. The cognitive ability of an individual determines his or her reasoning capacity and intelligence level. An environment in the society that increases the cognitive ability of a person impacts positively on language development. For example, a good social environment increases the intellectual and verbal ability of a person. This makes it easy for one to learn the various aspects of language use (Pan and Snow, p 236). When other members of the society interact with a learner, they are able to enhance the language speaking skills. In addition, new vocabularies and words can be learned through the socialization process and language use is well learned when a person or learner is able to converse with other members of the society. An environment that encourages socialization and sharing of ideas promotes language development. On the other hand, a social environment where members of the society show a minimum level of interaction slows down the process of language acquisition. For instance, children learn different definitions of words by interacting with the members of a community and when an environment prevents this interaction, lack of knowledge and skills about a language undermines language acquisition. Many working parents are unable to spend most of their time with their children since they take their children to child care facilities. These facilities are meant to take care of the child while the parent is absent; hence the child ends up spending a lot of time in such facilities. There is need for parents therefore to realize that a child care facility can either hinder or promote language development in a child. When the child care environment is positive, then a child has the opportunity to develop a language appropriately (Kail, p 43). An environment that undermines language acquisition in a child acts as a setback to language development. Some of the factors that determine whether a child care environment is positive for a child’s language development include; the physical environment, the teacher’s experience and educational background, involvement of children in plays or games, and the presence of warm and caring relationships in the facility. Teachers who are able to listen, talk, and read to the children more often encourage language acquisition in a child. Good relationship in the child care facility prevents quarrels and conflicts that result to a poor learning environment, and a child care facility that introduces a child to real life experiences and to new words contributes positively to language development. For instance, a child care facility that offers learning, exciting and fun activities offers children a great opportunity to learn a language since it encourages a child to listen and speak about their experiences at the facility. Playing is very important for language development and a child care environment that support creative games and fun for the children promotes a child’s language development. Playtime of a child with other children benefits a child’s language environment and it emphasizes on the importance of friendship and sharing. Playing time promotes listening and talking in children, hence skills that are acquired can be used to promote language development. Conclusion Language development is very important for proper child development since it enables an individual to acquire skills and knowledge to communicate with the others. In child development, the first three years of development are very critical in language acquisition and the environment that surrounds an individual during the process of language learning affects language development. The home environment, school environment, social environment, and child care environment all affect language development in a child. It is therefore very important that parents participate in language development by ensuring that these environments impact positively on the language learning process of a child. Works Cited Barrett, Martyn. The Development of Language, London: Psychology Press, pp. 229–50, 1999 Berk, Laura. Child Development. 8th ed. United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc,2009 Brian, MacWhinney. The Emergence of Language. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999 Ingram, David. 1999. Phonological acquisition, in Barrett M, The Development of Language, London: Psychology Press, p. 73–97 Kail, Robert. Children and Their Development (4 ed. ). Prentice Hall, 2006 Pan, Barbara and Snow, Catherine. The development of conversational and discourse skills, in Barrett M, The Development of Language, London: Psychology Press, pp. 229–50 Pinker, Steven. The Language Instinct; How the Mind Creates Language. London: Allen Lane, 1994 Polinsky, Maria et al. The atlas of languages: the origin and development of languages throughout the world. New York, 2003 Santrock, John. A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development. New York, NY: McGraw- Hill, 2008

Chinese Media Power and Control

Chinese Media Power and Control SHI SHANGYUN Abstract Taking Chinese media power and control as the research objective and project title. This research paper analyzes the Chinese media status quo in modernization society and the relationship between government and media in China. Then the Chinese media development trend and the Chinese people’s idea of media are discussed in this paper. Chapter 1: Introduction Type of project : research paper Subject : Chinese media power and control Research questions: What is the relationship between Chinese media and government? What is media current situation in China? Background of Chinese media China is glamoured through its governance of a socialism , making it a unique structure among its surrounding partners in the global map. With its rich history , the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is committed to the Marxist-Leninist-Maoist emphasis on the central control of the press as a tool for public education, propaganda, and mass mobilization. The entire operation of China’s modern media is based upon the foundation of â€Å"mass line† governing theory. Significance of study: The significant element of this research is to seek the fact masked behind face of media in China. Chinese media is closely related to the government; Therefore the Chinese media is changing, because the economic and political system of China is continuing towards reform. But it is impossible that Chinese government loosen the macro control for media, because in modern politics the government engages through media to connect people. The real innovation of Chinese media is extremely difficult to do. In most countrys’ , the media covers an extreme level of morality, freedom of press and unification of thoughts, but Chinese news is based on secrecy and power politics which is driven through governmental controls. . Even so, Chinese new media power cannot be ignored. The Chinese new media industry has experienced strong growth in the recent years, hence creating a breakthrough point for modern Chinese media vehicles. Nowadays information is transmitted in numerous ways through high speed technology developed network. New media can do lots of different things that the traditional media cannot do in China. This project is through the basic research aspect to find significant information to define the form and direction of Chinese media. The main direction will be associated with the government and media in China. Scope and Limitation of Project: The research objective of this project is probing into the Chinese media in relation to government. I will describe and analyze five articles and retrospective news information through literature review to make the reader conscious of the particularity of Chinese media. Pertaining to government control and effect to media changes. In addition, this paper also use qualitative research via interview a newspaper editor in chief and a ordinary citizen who is not very care about political and media. It can understand the perspective on Chinese media and government control of personal opinions from two kinds of people in China. They will provide different interview content in this research paper. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In this chapter, I will do the literature review. The current situation of Chinese media is introduced in first article. The second article provides the condition of control of traditional media in China. And then I will explain the control of new media in third article. The next is the query to government and media from Chinese people. Finally, the article evaluate some development trends of Chinese media. 2.2 Wang (2014) written about the Chinese media status quo in his article, â€Å" A Brief Guide to China’s Media Landscape – February 2014.† Wang in this article use some date show that the traditional media did not occupy the main steam. The most famous newspaper People’s Daily in China is 2.8 million copies sold a year. Growing number of people do not like the official of speech in the traditional media. In China, the development of online media almost completely limited the prospects for traditional media. And the number of Internet users in China had hit 604 million with mobile phones becoming the favored means of accessing the web until now. The author Wang said that Sina Weibo is one of the most popular Chinese social network sites. It is a micro blog has over 500 million registered users and 65 million active users daily. According to recent reports released by China Internet Network Information Center, 22.8% netizens reduced their usage of Weibo, inclu ding visits from mobile devices. It can be caused by many different reasons. But a significant reason is government combined with Sina to repress the dissidents and restrict the free speech in 2013. This behavior caused the majority of Internet users dissatisfaction. Many users feel very disappointed for Weibo. China is still has control over freedom of speech. 2.3 An online editor Xu (2014) explained lots of useful knowledge about Chinese new media in his article called â€Å" Media censorship in China.† he did a very detailed briefing. The Chinese government has long kept tight reins on both traditional and new media to avoid potential subversion of its authority. This often entails strict media controls using monitoring systems, shuttering publications or websites, and jailing dissident journalists, bloggers, and activists. Xu argues that the freedom of Chinese media is at the bottom of list in the countries all over the world. China is almost one of the most countries without freedom of speech. The Chinese government is hope to take control of the new media very much. Chinese government always use their own monitors to guarantee political acceptability of the content for the new media. Because the Chinese authorities want to control the access of their citizens. Xu gave some example, on the network some words are involved in politica lly sensitive are masked. If you search something in politically sensitive, most websites will not come out. Some words such as the Falun Gong cult and Tiananmen Square Indecent. They also established what is known as the great firewall to impeding many foreign sites. It is including many news sites, Facebook and so on. I began to use Facebook and Youtube after I arrived in Singapore. I knew and understood many things which in China can not see in Singapore. Chinese people are in some places to offline the world because of the closure of media information. 2.4 Freedom House is an independent watchdog organization dedicated to the expansion of freedom around the world. They put an article titled â€Å" Media Control in China: A Model of Complexity and Thoroughness † in their website. This article detailedly defines the traditional media control in China. The article describe that the traditional media must reflexively defer to government. Its almost impossible to publish sensitive articles in traditional media. The traditional media such as television, newspaper and radio are the propaganda tools controlled by all levels of government. Chinese state leaders utilize control of the media to publicize positive views of the political party and government and vilify those who are considered be their enemies. The CCP maintains direct control over news media coverage through its Central Propaganda Department. For example, a newspaper chief editor usually receive some messages about what cannot be reported on newspaper from propaganda de partment of the city. And the official news in China central television that usually strives to downplay bad new and tell the good news. Generally prohibited topics include larger autonomy in Xinjiang and Tibet, relations with Taiwan, the prominent dissident writings and so on. Traditional media is more closed and limited compared to new media. 2.5 In a news article which written by a former editor Keatley (2013), we can found that the perspective of Chinese citizens on the media in his article â€Å" Press Freedom and Reform in China.† Keatley argues that some government behaviors has given rise to many discontent. In fact, Chinese people very hate government do content examination to print media, movies and TV program. They want to expose the truth of society and history, rather than always conceal various misbehavior of government. For instance, Southern Weekly known as one of most daring publications in China. It planned a New Year’s editorial calling for something the ruling party finds dangerous—letting people enjoy the many freedoms guaranteed by the state constitution but never permitted in real life in 2013. Because of this bold statement, the chief editor of Southern Weekly detained by the police after few days. Many people protest this government action. A well-known film actress who blogged stan d for protesting journalists was examined. Although increasingly violent official purging, people have lots of complaints about party and state malpractice. I think many normal people has grown even more cynical about self-interested bureaucrats who too usually use high position to enrich themselves, friends and relatives. More citizens require open and serious economic and political reforms. Chinese government face huge pressure from public opinion in network. I believe that most Chinese people thinking is free, just the party want to control people’s mind. 2.6 Dalusong (2012) defined China media system in his article titled â€Å"Media System in China and Philippines, the difference, and similarities.† Dalusong has some thoughts for the development trend of China. References http://www.pressreference.com/Be-Co/China.html http://www.danwei.com/a-brief-guide-to-chinas-media-landscape-february-2014/ http://www.freedomhouse.org/blog/media-control-china-model-complexity-and-thoroughness#.U2yFDvnUMkI http://www.cfr.org/china/media-censorship-china/p11515 http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/press-freedom-reform-china-7999 http://eijie09.tumblr.com/post/18985129114 http://westernexperience.wordpress.com/2010/05/17/typical-hand-ringing-and-liberal-moral-relativism-on-full-international-display/

Folklores Influence Towards Modern Texts English Literature Essay

Folklores Influence Towards Modern Texts English Literature Essay Stories are the earliest form of literature. It has taken its birth with the birth of man. In india jataka tales Panchtantra and kathasarita sagra are the earliest collection of stories. Story tradition in india,Egypt,china and Greece is ealiest form of literature. Origin of folktales is traced back to vedic Akhayanas.Atharvveda is collection of superstitions,folkbeliefs and rituals of man.Jataka tales are earliest form of folk tales.These jataka tales have their own importance,since they serve as a lense to the past and enable one to view clearly working of contemporary society.A systematic survey of jataka takles provide us a picture of by-gone days.Each of these stories conveys a lesson in one way or other whi ch could serve the society in multifarious ways.Jataka tales consist of ideas of Lord Budhha.Buddha while narrating jataka tales had brought out the realities of life which were useful not in the past but also in the present time.These tales are mostly in Pali.Customs,tradit ions and religious beliefs of various Hindus are reflected in folk tales.Specific times and places have given folktales a local coloring.The term Folklore was firdt introduced by William THOMS IN 1846.The term folk refers to any group of people who shares a commen factor of language,occupation or religion. Folklore is transmitted ffrom individual to individual.Folktales were produced by people in the past and today they exist in small part survivals.Folklore is about the traditional beliefs and story of a community. Since hundered years ago,the science of folklore has revolutionized our attitude towards such texts.Now we know the importance of folklore and we know no longer regard it having relation to mythology.According to some people folklore and mythology should not be separated.The dichotomy took hold in European circles when some of the anthropologist under the influence of Ellen Harrison and Lord raglan discovered a theory both myth and rituals are linked to each other.On the other folktales and folktales were not expected to have any relation with ritual.Folktales are traced back to the vedic ages.Now there are Brahamanas whi ch are Sanskrit texts composed by priests to explain the purpose of vedic rituals.This is their universal agenda and every line shows references to vedic sacrifice.There are some flaws in this argument which arises from distinction between myth and folktales,the distinction between the Great and the Little tradition and false supposition that myth is always associat ed with rituals.Ananda k .kumaraswamy says that the content of folklore is metaphysical. The one thing one could do is to make a sequence of stories all along the line with some more folk then myth and reversal.But to do this ,one has to associate folk with tales that deals primarily with human problems and there is minimum intervention of supernatural .While myth would deal with supernatural problems.It is useful to distinguish between stories having different emphasis in JAIMINIYA and it is also not wise to say that folktales are not myths.They are myths with a non supernatural bent.They are stories about families and problems created before us by human society. It can also be established that the Brahmanas are regarded as the private property of elite textualists who ever lived are infact undistinguishable from the stori es collected by the BrotherS Grimm in german farmhouses.So it is not easy to separate the folk material form classical material .Since these stories in JAIMINIYA were written by priest in Sanskrit and therefore regarded as part of The Great tradition.These prejudice is prevalent even when we know that folk material there is written in Sanskrit words such as Hitopadesa and Panchtantra .Because of their secularity they are regarded as folk tales ,the sacred Brahmanas could not descend the level Marchen,falling suddenly from myth to folktale.There are certain portion of Jaiminiya dealing with myths..The cosmic stories of the Gods and the Godesses , the creation of the world ,and origin of death ,all of them are well known,There are some stories which are about the sacrifice ,they are about the shadowsof sacrifice obscured in r ituals but illuminated by narrations,The sacrifice in these tales have so many myths ssociated with it as clear from allusions in Rigveda. We can locate folktales in space but not in particular time.We can specify the era or the age of the tales.Take an example of Danga-66G sqmile are in Gujarat.It is inhabited by many communities that modern Indian government would classify as Scheduled tribe.Goth was the word used in Dang for stories,narrative or account.There are so many stories of Dangis pasts such as ;Juni goth,Mohorni goth,padunchi goth.There is also a contrast being shown by Fabian of the coevalness of imperialism and anthroplology.There are two major events in which Dangis frame their past are moglai and mandini.Moglai is the time when Dangis moved in forests .Mandini marks the end of moglai.Mandini is associated with british rule over region.It shows the distinction between premodern and modern.Moglai is identified with pre-colonial and mandini is associated with british rule.History of Dangs on Gujarat deals with pre-colonialism and post colonialism .Most of the tales in Gujarat have tangential relations of pa st or present.Khari goth or true stories sustain to claim to time and space whereas imaginary goth come at margins of khari goth.Old men and women in their old age might often tell children other stories of their youth,stories which they learned from the vadils which leads to customs.There are so many things in folktales which are treated as customs now a days.In the story of Vermilion and marriage ,there are four members of tribe who were fast friends since boyhood.One of them was a hawked vermilion,another a weaver ,third took to wood carving and fourth was a goldsmith.Once they decided to spend night in a mango orchard.One was still awake,other three were sleeping.The wood carver was sitting idle ,he took a log of wood and chiselled it into a female figure.The goldsmith made a gold chain , pair of earrings and bangles for her.The waever wove a sari for female figure.The vermilion hawker anointed her head with vermilion just at day break.The four friends started quarreling as to who should marry the girl.A holy man heard their voices and said ,he who made her is her father ,he who clothed her is her elder brother,he who gave ornaments is her uncle,he who brought her to life and put vermilion on her forehead is her husband .And the woman became the wife of hawker.These customs are still prevalent in society.Applying vermilion on the forehead of a girl means that she is married to the boy who does so.Th e story tries to preserve tradition.It also reveals that fighting for a girl is commen practice in Indian society.It also supports the proverb one who posseses skills can not sit idle.The four friends were endowed with skill,rather than sitting idle.They preferred to work at night and could also enjoy enjoy the fruits of their labour. By the study of anthropological studies ,it is clearly visible that folklore deals with one branch of anthropology named cultural anthropology.Bascom,professor of anthropology at the university of California at Berkeley is aware of depending on oral transmission. According to Utleys concept of folk literature he says that Bascom tends to make verbal art as boundary of folklore.which includes (myth,folktales and legends),but not folk dance,medicine and folk belief(superstition).Bascom also says that the text of ballads and other songs are folklore but the music of ballads and other songs are not.The folklore is linked with social science and humanities.Literary and anthropological approaches to folklore are clearly essential and ecomplementary.Each one has its own separate methods and ideology rather working on commen areas of interest.Cultural anthropology is referred to known as social anthropology.Anthropology is also associated with folklore.Archaeology is not directly related to folklore but it provides information about past developments.Linguistics in some way is related to folklore because they shared a commen verbal art.Any ethnographic study witout folkloreis partially and incomplete description of culture.Morever folklore sanctions and validates the social.religious and economic institutions .It also plays an important role in transferring this institution from generation to generation. Culture is a great part of anthropology today.It consist of any kind of behavior acquired through learning.Under it anthropologists include all customs,traditions together with their methods of production.According to Dr. Gustav klemm of Dresdon from his collections of facts of history,he termed culture as including customs ,information and skills domestic and public life is peace and war religion science and art and saysit is manifest on branch of tree of deliberately shape,in the rubbing of sticks to make fire,the cremation of a deceased,father corpse the decorative painting of once body,the transmission of past experience to new generation.Folklore is studied in anthropology,because it is part of culture.It is a part of tradition,customs,a part of heritage.Many folktales were rejected because they did not fill the recognized need of accepted patterns or tradition of folklore.Folktales are dyanamic that changes with needs of society.The folk element in folklore presents no new prob lems as anthropologist sees it.There are various questions on who invwnted various themes of folktales,how they have reworked in the past and how the previous variation have influenced the product of any given story teller or writer.Since any cultural law have taken hold on folklore,the data collection of folklore used to bute testify the ideology of culture.The accepted theories of culture can thus contribute to theory of folklore. The theory of cultural evolution developed by Tyler,Morgan and other remains a point of contention between anthropologists and folklorists.This theory was accepted by scholars of latter half of nineteenth century and developed and described by the scholars of 20th century.Folklorists have defined folklore that folklore have survived from earlier stage of civilization as the shadowy remnants of ancient religious rites still incorporated in the lives of illeterates and rustics.Analyzation of theory of cultural evolution shows that it was based on certain ideologies which were never proved and in some cased later on have been disapproved.We can not search the ultimate origin of folklore by evolution and age-area concept because archaeological evidences and historical documents are lacking.If we try to reconstruct history on restricted side ,it can give result only in terms of probability than proven facts.Change in folktales can be studied perfectly in process rather than reconstruction s based in deistribution.When Cushing some sixty five years ago had the forsight to record the Italian tale of the cock and the mouseas told by juni informant.The companion of the juni variants spotlights many juni stylistic features and serves only to showwhat transformation the original in underwent in such a brief period and how well it has ben adopted to juni environment and mode thought,but also to give a glimpse of Indian method of folktale making.Through the examples of changing forms in folktales,we can learn about freedom give to the narrator in various forms of folktales in various societies.Anthropologists are anxious about the place,native society and social settings of folklore.One cannot establish these facts from text of tales alone,yet without them one can only have idea about nature of folklore and its full meaning.There is a relation between folktales and culture from two points of view.The first in which folktales represents culture by means if rituals and beliefs but sometime folktales can do thingswhich are regarded as shocking in daily life.Take one example old man Coyote has intercourse with his mother in law.Where as in ordinary life the American Indian who finds amusement in these tales must observe strict mother in law avoidance.Since the time of Euhemerous,folklorist have made efforts to explain distinction between folklore and actual conduct.The function of amusing state of mind can not only serve as a complete answer,it is clear that beneath these deal of humour,lies a deeper meaning and that folklore serves as psychological escape from many repressions not only sexual which society imposes upon individual.Apart from their entertainment,folktales provide us a clear view of present and past tradition and culture of the origin,how they originate.Bihar is one of important states in India with rich folklore tradition Panchtantra is one of the most important collection of stories in India.Folktales generally revolve around social mythol ogical and social concepts.It depicts horror situations and wicked evil spirits are some of the commen elements of folklore.Inspite of different varities the folkales of various regions shows a common pattern.Stories of origin of mankind are told through out the world.These are some oral messages which are always found in folktales as :1)Good will triumph and evil will be punished .2)True always come to light. 3)A friend in need is a friend indeed.4)Might makes right. Folk tales preserves social traditions and social taboos.

Economic Reform in Russia Essay -- Economics History USSR Essays

Economic Reform in Russia Formerly the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Russia has been an independent nation since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Because of its great size, its natural resources, and its political domination, the Russian Federation played a leading role in the economy of the Soviet Union. In the years preceding the disintegration of the union in 1991, the economy of Russia and the union as a whole was in decline. In 1992, immediately after the separation, the Russian government implemented a series of radical reforms. Price controls were abolished as the beginning of a transition from a centrally controlled economy to a market economy. An immediate series of sharp price increases caused extreme hardships for the Russian people. Inventor of the fictional five-year plan, the fake harvest, Russia introduced another novel economic concept in 1996. It was a society modeled after the capitalist society. High expectations of economic growth even with â€Å"shock therapy†--unemployment, social discontent and opportunities for corruption; influence of western politicians and the U.S. policy; and failing to completely reform the communistic system were some factors to why some became rich but led many to misery and an early death. Despite the huge infusions of Western money, millions of ordinary Russians struggled to survive in an economy neither capitalist nor communist, but something brand new and strange, which ultimately led to the failure of economic reform in Russia. In the fall of 1996, Boris Yeltsin won the presidential election in Russia. He was viewed as the personification of reform in Russia.... who had vanquished the Communist dragon during the hard-line coup attempt of August 1991 -- and the leader best placed to introduce democratic, market-oriented reforms. In the same year Yeltsin became the President of Russia, the U.S. ambassador to Russia, Thomas R. Pickering, predicted by the fall of 1999, Russia would be one of America’s top trading partners. But in fact, three years after Pickering addressed his farewell speech to the American Chamber of commerce in Moscow, Russia ranked thirtieth in the list of American trading partners. In 1998, Russia’s gross national product plummeted by nearly fifty percent over the last decade. More than sixty million Russians, which is nearly half... ...d the International Monetary Fund assistance but the attempt at capitalist society was not successful. To the beleaguered people of Russia, certainties of old-style communism seemed attractive. A joke on the streets of Moscow, according to World Bank staffer John Nellis, was: "Everything the Communists told us about communism was a complete and utter lie. Unfortunately, everything the Communists told us about capitalism turned out to be true." The establishment of a free-market may require decades to accomplish since this quick attempt was not successful. The economy of Russia did not improve as speculated. Due to years of practicing communism, the Russian people experienced â€Å"shock therapy† when a free-market was in action. Another explanation was: because of constant U.S. influence, Russia was never at a state where they decided on the major decisions until the end. And finally, capitalism never worked in Russia because they did not fully let go of communism. After experiencing many hardships, the Russian people are confused as to what will work in their country full of resources yet lack of economic stability. Maybe the answer is a return to state controlled industries.

Emersons Self Reliance vs. Douglass Narrative of the Life Essay

After reading both â€Å"Self Reliance,† by Ralph Waldo Emerson and â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave,† by Frederick Douglass, one might notice a trend in what both writers regard as the key to happiness or self-fulfillment. Emerson and Douglass both imply that acquiring knowledge is what people should strive for throughout their lives. However, their perceptions on the kind of knowledge should be attained is where their ideas diverge; Emerson is the one that encourages one to develop the soul whereas with Douglass, it is the mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the primary issues that Emerson tried to convey was that one must follow what they believe is true for themselves and not listen to what other people think. He states, â€Å"It is easy in the world to live after the world’s opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps perfect sweetness the independence of solitude(Emerson 151).† One of the definitions of the word â€Å"world† is â€Å"human society.† The word â€Å"opinion† means â€Å"a view, judgment, or appraisal formed in the mind about a particular matter.† By putting these words together, Emerson is implying that the â€Å"world’s opinion† is the general point of view accepted by most of society. Emerson also uses the word, â€Å"solitude† which means, â€Å"the quality or state of being alone or remote from society.† By also using the word â€Å"solitude† in this sentence, he shows a contrast between the majority (society), and the individual. What Emerson suggests is that if one can live in a world full of people who think a certain way because they were taught to believe that way, but still hold your own ground and follow what you believe, you are a great person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Douglass also believes in following what is true for oneself despite what people around him think. This is evident when he says, â€Å"But I should be false to the earliest sentiments of my soul, if I suppressed the opinion. I prefer to be true to myself, even at the hazard of incurring the ridicule of others, rather than to be false, and incur my own abhorrence (Douglass 75).† The word â€Å"true† means â€Å"being that which is the case rather than what is manifest or assumed,† and the word â€Å"false† means â€Å"inconsistent with the facts.† Douglass uses both of these words to convey the fact that he would rather believe his own thoughts and suffer the wrat... ... and unhappy (Douglass 78).† Learning how to read was as big a step towards freedom for Douglass as it was back. It made him aware of the circumstances but it also made him realize how difficult it would be for him to ever find himself a free man. However, knowledge overpowers ignorance in the sense that his masters could never take his ability to read away from him and because Douglass now knew his condition, he knew that he deserved a better life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both Emerson and Douglass had a huge impact on those who read their work. Their messages were both similar and different in their own ways. Emerson pushed the idea of unification with God through the soul while Douglass stood behind the development of the mind with the ability to read. However, both Emerson and Douglass were for non-conformity and individualism. They were very much concerned with the growth of the individual, whether it be in mind or through the soul. Works Cited Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. New York: Penguin Group, 1982. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Selections from Ralph Waldo Emerson. USA: Riverside Editions, 1957.

Why Does He Do Me This Why?

Osikenoya Usman-Aliu Professor Katherine A. James EN101 February 21,2013 Narrative Essay Why Does He Do Me This Way? I can remember the first day I laid eyes on him it was truly love at first sight. My name is Lily Jackson and I’ll tell you why love is blind. I was 14 years old and in the eighth grade year. I hated eighth grade year because everyone had a boyfriend except for me. I was always the outcast. That all changed for me the second semester in eighth grade. My teacher Ms. Williams announced to the class that we were having a new student join room 411.Everyone was excited, but I wasn’t because it was going to be another student that didn’t like me. Ms. Williams went outside and said â€Å"Class meet Jerome† Everyone started whispering: â€Å"where is he going to sit†? â€Å"What if I don’t like him†? The boys stated† I might have to beat him up if he talks crazy to anybody†? I slouched back in my seat covering my fac e. When he finally walked in everyone’s mouth dropped. The girl’s eyes grew big and the boys were angry. He entered the class and said â€Å"hey everyone† in this nice deep voice.Jerome was tall, handsome, had a clean fade, and beautiful straight white teeth. â€Å"He’ll sit next to Lilly† said Ms. Williams. I shouted BUT I ALWAYS SIT BY MYSELF. â€Å"This will give you time to open up Lilly† Ms. Williams stated in her eager voice. When Jerome sat next to me he smelt so good. I was nervous, but actually I was happy to sit next to the new boy. It was around the time of graduation and Jerome and I had become very close. We were attending the same high school. We grew a bound that nobody could touch. We had become best friends.A few weeks after graduation high school had begun and Jerome and I had almost every class together. Around senior year we grew even closer he would come pick me up for school and drop me off at home. All the girls wanted Jerome because he had a nice body, he was nice, and he gave everyone the benefit of the doubt. The most popular girl in the school was Jenna Hawkins. Every boy dreamed of being with her because she had long beautiful hair, no pimples, and was extremely smart. Her parents were millionaires so she was very spoiled. She drove a Bentley to school, which was all white and was a drop top.One day Jenna approached Jerome and asked him would he like to go to homecoming with him of course he said yes because he never let people down. I was very angry because Jerome and I always attended homecoming together; it was our tradition. When Jerome had dropped me off he asked me who I was attending homecoming with. â€Å"I’m not going â€Å"I stated in my mad voice. â€Å"Are you mad? † Jerome asked. â€Å"I responded NO! † â€Å"Do you want to go with me? † he asked. â€Å"No have fun with Jenna she’s real nice† I responded. He finally drove me off. I ran in my room and started crying.The next day at school I found out that Jerome and Jenna started dating. I was extremely upset. There was a rumor going around that I liked Jerome. Jerome approached me and said â€Å"Do you like me? † I stated â€Å"NO† He stated, â€Å"If you do I understand† I finally stated, â€Å"Yes I like you, I love you Jerome† â€Å"But we’re just friends Lilly and you know that† Jerome stated. I ran off filled with embarrassment. I stopped getting rides from Jerome and I completely cut him off. When Graduation came around I was isolated once again. I didn’t talk to no one. Jerome said, â€Å"I love you Lilly, but only as a friend†.

Case Report: Jamie Chang Essay

1. Based on the assumption that all data collected are accurate and the methods used to collect are reliable, the EOQ calculations are correct. Given by the EOQ model, the optimal Q (quantity of an order) is set by the equation Oopt=[2(Demand Rate)(Order Setup Cost)/(Holding Cost Rate)]^(1/2). In this case, order setup cost=setup hours per order Ãâ€" setup cost per hour; holding cost rate= 30% Ãâ€" product unit cost. 2. Jamie Change only shows the optimal inventory levels for each product A-H, and the decrease in the average inventory level to Garcia, but he overlooks the consequently changes in inventory-related cost (annual ordering cost, annual holding cost, and total cost). As shown below, for product A, D, E, F, G and H, whose present order quantity is higher than EOQ optimal order quantity, the decrease in order quantity increases the ordering cost while decreases the holding cost even more, resulting a decrease in total cost. For product B, whose present order quantity is lower than EOQ optimal order quantity, the increase in order quantity increases the holding cost while decreases the ordering cost even more, resulting a decrease in total cost. For product C, whose present order quantity is similar to EOQ optimal order quantity, the holding cost, ordering cost and total cost don’t change much. Annual ordering cost = (yearly demand)/(order quantity) Ãâ€" (setup hours per order) Ãâ€" 25 Annual holding cost = 30% Ãâ€" (product unit cost) Ãâ€" (order quantitiy/2) Annual total cost = annual ordering cost + annual holding cost In general, the EOQ optimal order quantity will decrease the inventory-related total cost to the lowest level, which Jamie Change doesn’t explain really clearly to Garcia. 3. Generally speaking, to balance the costs with the desire to have the right products for customers, we have to take all kinds of costs into account, such as the inventory costs, rent, personnel expenses, cost of goods sold, etc. Then we try to find the right quantity to produce, price to sell, to meet the demand with the lowest cost. But here Lynn Rosen is talking more  about the inventory cost. When he talks about customer-service level and inventory investment, he’s actually talking about meeting customers’ demand with optical inventory total cost. As is shown below, when he says unnecessary investment in inventories, he means the amount of cost higher than the lowest cost due to non-optimal order quantity. To improve the customer service, the demand will definitely increase. According to Oopt=[2(Demand Rate)(Order Setup Cost)/(Holding Cost Rate)]^(1/2)ï ¼Å'the increase in demand rate will lead to the increase in Oopt, which will also lead to more inventory cost. As is shown below. 4. From external, customers’ demand stream, especially its variation has a crucial role in determining the â€Å"right†, or optimal amount of inventory. From internal, all the holding cost and ordering cost are also keys determining the optimal amount of inventory.